Freud s Theory Of Development - 1182 Words

Sigmund Freud argued that psychosexual development from childhood to adulthood was a development process that was composed of five stages. These stages include; oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Every stage is theoretically linked to the libido, and according to Freud, the build up of sexual energy leads to tension and its discharge leads to pleasure. Fundamentally, Freud assumed that life was created to encompass both tension and pleasure. In addition, Freud emphasized that the first five years of a child’s life are essential to the development of their personality. Each psychosexual stage is respectively linked to a specific conflict that must be fully completed before the individual can successfully progress to the next stage. The more energy that is dispensed at any particular stage, the more the crucial components of that stage will linger with the individual as he/she develops psychologically. If any of these stages were not adequately met, the child would dev elop with personality disorders. Freud sex role development is analyzed from a social learning perspective. We will use two texts, The Bluest Eye written by Toni Morrison in 1970 and A Streetcar Named Desire written by Tennessee Williams in 1950, to explore how social learning, or lack of, impacts the individual and the community. In reference to Blanche DuBois, in A Streetcar Named Desire, it is very apparent that she lacked a normalized personality and had deep emotional issues that led to herShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud s Theory Of Development1000 Words   |  4 Pagespsychosexual theory of development is and why it is important for the developing child to overcome said conflicts. I also talked about the different effects of not overcoming the conflicts Freud had determined that would lead to adult behaviors. Over the years, Sigmund Freud has created many theories involving many different ideas in the psychological world. One theory that stood out to me throughout our journey in introduction to psychology is Freud’s developmental theory. Freud s development theoryRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Sexual Development1652 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud Interview Questions Anthony: How is morality developed in children? Freud: There is a three part process to the psyche structure that comprises of unique features that interact to form a whole. These parts consist of the id, the ego, and the superego. Each part of this structure makes a relative contribution to the child’s behavior. The id is the unconscious part of the structure which responds immediately to instincts. The ego mediates between the unrealistic id and the real worldRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Development2070 Words   |  9 PagesSigmund Freud and Carl Jung are two key people when talking about psychology. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory of development contains a few parts, one is the psychoanalytical theory of personality; which talks about our decision making and how they evolve over time. Another part of Freud’s theory is the psychosexual theory of development which talks about 5 stages that humans have to master in order to develop properly. Carl Jung’s psychodynamic theory also contains many parts such as theoryRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychosexual Development1055 Words   |  5 Pageslife, people see development in different ways. From birth to death, the developmental process is very complex. There are many theorists who have researched what a person goes through and their behavior. They have established a set of guidelines and stages that a person should go through or be doing at certain times throughout life. Thus, this paper will aim to discuss the three main theories of development; Freud’s theory, Erikson’s theory, and Piaget’s theory. Sigmund Freud is the one who hasRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1437 Words   |  6 Pagescrucial for understanding human development. There are many different perspectives on the lifespan and the lifespan has been broken down in many different ways. A variety of scholars and theorists have proposed unique perspectives on lifespan. Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosocial development considered five lifespan stages; oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital (Rathus, 2014). Erik Erikson expanded Freud’s theory with a psychosocial perspective on development and considered the lifespan toRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychosexual Development1813 Words   |  8 PagesSigmund Freud is considered one of the most famous and controversial figures in the field of psychology. Originating from his work, the psychoanalytic theory has influenced and motivated many others, neo-Freudians, to expand on Freud’s beliefs and create their own theories. Us ing the clinical data from his work with mental health patients, Freud created the theory of psychosexual development to explain how one’s personality is developed in stages, formed through experiences during childhood and unconsciousRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychosexual Development Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain their theory. Once we explain the theory, we are then to compare and contrast from a biblical perspective. One of the most famous theorist the world has ever known is a man by the name of Sigmund Freud. Now Freud’s theory of Psychosexual Development is the philosophy I chose to discuss because it is by far in my opinion one of the silliest and most controversial of all the theories I have a chance to explore. At first glance you will totally get the wrong idea about the theory. I mean seriouslyRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Human Development1712 Words   |  7 PagesCompared to Sigmund Freud s theory of human development, where he believe d our personality is shaped around the age of five, Erik Erickson s (1902-1994) theory focuses on psychosocial development. That being said, psychosocial development is a theory made more specifically for children as they grow to adulthood based on what they ve seen and think from their parents, peers, and their upcoming experiences. He believed that a person s childhood is the important aspect in developing personalityRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychosexual Development1550 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. In his life Freud was a medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, and an influential thinker. Freud is most known for his in depth exploration of the human mind. In this paper I take an in depth look at the life Freud lived, all the way from when he was born to when he tragically died. I also take a look at multiple influential theories he created which led to many different breakthrough when it comes to the study of the mind. His mos t popular theory thatRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychosexual Development908 Words   |  4 PagesThe first theory that can relate to this issue is Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. And this is sexual and emotional development during our life course. And there is three parts to this, the id, ego, and superego. For the id it is the unconscious personality and this is present from birth. It strives for the needs, the wants, and all desires. And this relates to my story because my needs where not met at time where I needed it the most. My mom did not give that attention that so

Minimum Wage in the United States - 1244 Words

Introduction WASHINGTON D.C. President Barack Obama has shouted on Congress to raise the combined minimum wage, the centerpiece proposition at the State of the Coalition address that concentrated on commercial inequality in America. Pointing out that the present minimum of $7.25 is nearly 20% lower in real paying manipulation than it was 25 years ago, he impelled legislators to prop a bill that should hold the nationwide rate to $10.10. We additionally have to do extra to safeguard our economy distinctions the dignity of work and that hard work pays off for all of our citizens. Americans overwhelmingly concur that no one who works maximum period ought to ever have to raise a relation in poverty. Many Americans desire to raise the minimum†¦show more content†¦Iran’s figures are higher than those of Bulgaria and Romania, both EU member states ($2.1 per hour compared to $1.34 and $1.46 respectively), but the lowest, according to the official minimum wage rates of the UN members, is Uganda where workers can legally earn $0.01 hourly. Who came up with minimum wage to the world? First ratified in New Zealand in 1894, there is now legislation or attaching collective bargaining considering minimum wage in extra than 90% of all countries. Minimum wage rates vary considerably across countless disparate jurisdictions, not merely in setting a particular number of money (e.g. US$7.25 each hour below precise states regulation (or $2.13 for operatives who accord tips, recognized as the tipped minimum wage), $9.19 in the U.S. state of Washington (and projected to development to $9.32 in 2014), and  £6.31 (for those aged 21+) in the United Kingdom), but additionally in words of that wage era (e.g. Russia and China set monthly minimums) or the scope of coverage. Some jurisdictions permit employers to count tips given to their operatives as trust towards the minimum wage level. India is one of the early growing states to familiarize minimum wage policy. It is additionally one of the most complex arrangements in conjunction with extra than 1200 minimum wage rates. The Theory and Analyses INCREASED EMPHASIS on job conception in growing statesShow MoreRelatedThe Minimum Wage Of The United States928 Words   |  4 Pagesdissertation is that the federal minimum wage in the United States (US) has been at a stalemate for several years. (Addison et al, 2013) While policy makers are undecided whether to sign a bill into law that will increase the federal minimum wage, the workforce is held in a quandary. The inequality of wages across the country is unbalanced, because some states and various industries are exempt from the minimum wage laws. (Clain, 2012) Due to lack of awareness of the minimum wage laws, the workforce employedRead MoreMinimum Wage At The United States1129 Words   |  5 Pagesintended to raise the current minimum wage floor of $7.25 in the United States stalled in Congress. As the November election approaches, many Democratic senate members are placing the issue of minimum wage at the forefront of their election campaigns, hoping t o sway working-class voters in their favor. The issue of minimum wage has become a matter of politics, politics which far overshadow the far more pertinent concern of minimum wage’s economic effects. Minimum wage is a complex issue, and understandingRead MoreMinimum Wage And The United States1790 Words   |  8 Pagesestablish as the official minimum wage in the United States has been debated and argued over for many years. Due to inflation, the gradual increase of pricings due to a saturation of printed currency, the minimum wage for workers has to be increased in order to compensate for the ever-fluctuating value of the U.S. Dollar. Many today are rising to the conclusion that a minimum wage of fifteen dollars an hour is necessary. This motion is designed to keep those who have minimum wage income out of povertyRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage Of The United States1309 Words   |  6 PagesRaise the minimum wage: In the United States, studies show that women tend to make up a disproportionate share of low-wage workers. In the field of education, men tends to go more to STEM than women and that also leads to high paying jobs for men. If we raise the minimum wage, this will help hardworking women to support their families. Approximately, women made up two-thirds of all minimum-wage workers in 2012. With the current federal minimum wage i.e. $7.25 per hour, someone working full timeRead MoreMinimum Wage And Its Effect On The United States871 Words   |  4 PagesHouse Bill 230, or the most recent bill introduced in North Carolina to increase minimum wage, was introduced by the House of Representatives on March 12, 2015. After the first version of the Bill was introduced, it was revised once. The bill was introduced because the goal of the state is to provide a minimum wage that allows for a decent and healthy life for its citizens. As the value of the American dollar continues to change, so does the average cost of living. The primary sponsors of the BillRead MoreUnited States Support Minimum Wage1079 Words   |  5 Pagessurvey results on a wide range of topics including minimum wage. Statistics and Demographic In order to begin to understand the argument at hand, one must first be understand who the people are on either side of the wage increase argument and who are the people affected by low wages and possible wage increases. In a research study done by Drew Desliver, in 2015 it was reported that 73 percent of people in the United States support minimum wage increases. This figure represents 90 percent of democratsRead MoreMinimum Wage : The United States Alone Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesZachary Papadatos Mrs. Stockton English IV 6 November 2015 Minimum Wage In the United States alone, the amount of people in poverty is 14.5%. That equates to 45.3 million people in 2013. In a country like America, one of the world’s superpowers, it’s embarrassing to admit. But the main issue is to fix issues like these with the minimum wage and welfare. The minimum wage applies to workers who got a job whether because they were in school or because they had not gone to college and had noRead MoreMinimum Wage During The United States2290 Words   |  10 PagesMinimum wage in the United States has become an extremely controversial topic in today’s society. The cost of living continues to grow each year but why does the minimum wage stay the same? This is a question that many people are forced to ask themselves each day. Many people who hold low income jobs and can barley afford to survive must rely on government assistants. By raising the minimum wage to an amount that would allow citizens to afford living standards our natio ns economy would benefit greatlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The United States1168 Words   |  5 PagesResearch shows if minimum wage was to climb that it would hurt the least skilled and the least experienced people trying to seek a job the most. There are different of opinions people believe in about the positive and negative aspect of minimum wage. Supporters argue that such a boost will shrink poverty without plummeting jobs and that it will boost confidence, increase the normal living, and cut inequality and have businesses to be well-organized. Opponents that are not for minimum wage say it will increaseRead MoreMinimum Wage Of The United States Of America And Australia1031 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious countries see growth in their economy, there has also been significant differences in the wages set to employees in different countries. The lowest wages set by the law that are fixed to a particular amount which is also defined to be the price floor below which wo rkers shall not sell their labor, has its own effects. The minimum wage law came into force as a matter of social justice amongst the low-wage workers, also to reduce exploitation and see that workers can afford the standard basic living

Babes in Bollywood Free Essays

This paper is an effort to explore issues related to presentation of a woman in Hindi Cinema with the reference of movie â€Å"Mother India† directed by Mehboob Khan. This movie was nominated for Academy Awards for Best foreign Language film in the same year. This movie was remake of â€Å"Aurat† released in 1940 directed by Mehboob Khan. We will write a custom essay sample on Babes in Bollywood or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Mother India† is one of the best Hindi movies. It is an excellent presentation of Indian woman in all her roles. Significance of movie increases exponentially, if one compares this movie with the socio-cultural perspective of the time of its release. It was a period of post independence in India. People on one hand were taking up developmental issues whereas rural India was facing the similar problems of moneylenders, Jamindari, caste, social status and pride. Differences of caste, social status, culture, gender, language, interests and several others were common. In such scenario, thinking of overall growth of a community needed to bring everyone together irrespective of their differences. Socio-cultural Perspectives Covered in the Movie Movie presents social environment of village where men and women have their predefined roles and responsibilities. Most of the women in the movie will be doing works like fetching water, grinding grains, working on fields along with their family members, cooking and other household works. They are expected to behave in certain manner. The famous actress Nargis Dutt portrayed what is perhaps the ultimate politically correct sacrificial heroine in the 1957 release Mother India (a remake of the 1940 Aurat [Woman]). Persevering against corrupt moneylenders, abandonment, betrayal, monsoons, isolation, and death, Dutt’s character, Radha, provides the inspiration for her son and her village to survive (Booth, 1995). Radha as a Bride: As a young bride, Radha takes up all the responsibilities of households silently. She has shy and romantic relationship with her husband and respecting behaviour towards her mother-in-law. She does not let her mother-in-law do any household work, once the marriage ceremony is over. Radha is concerned about the family reputation and well-being and does not want family to be under any loan so she wants to pay off loan with her jewellery. On the other hand, expectations of a husband (Shamu) to see his wife pretty and asking her reasons of not wearing jewelleries and telling her to wear jewelleries. Radha has expectation from her husband to get his attention. These factors are beautifully presented in the movie. This movie presents expectations of society from a young bride and expectations of a young bride for her family and husband in a beautiful manner. Radha as a Wife Indian society expect wife to be devoted for all traditional duties and support her husband in all thick and thin. Radha in this movie has done the same. Radha’s husband leaves her at young age due to his inability to take care of his family after the accident where he loses both his hands. Radha goes here and there searching for him and expects him to come back until the end of the movie. Radha sees his glimpse on her elder son and remembers him all the time whether it is festival or when she becomes grandmother. Radha’s devotion towards her husband is presentation of expectation of Indian society from the Hindu wives. Radha as a Mother Radha as a mother is brave mother. She adores her children, feed them and bring them up. Her children give her due respect. In the movie, it is shown that Radha shots â€Å"Birju† her younger son. This is something contradictory to the social norm and image of mother in society. Mother is expected to ignore all bad about her children and remember only one thing of her motherly love. Radha goes through hardships for the survival of her children. Wealthy â€Å"Sukhilala† the moneylender offers Radha money and food during flood and crisis in the exchange of her beauty, Radha for a moment becomes ready to feed her dying children but as soon as she regains her conscious, she beats him up, comes back, struggles to find food, and survives. In this movie, various scenes have been presented in the way that the motherly love or the social depiction of mother is protected. As soon as Birju is shot, Radha throws the rifle and runs to hold him and Birju is surprised. This scene presents the unexpected behaviour in a manner that audience would accept and appreciate it. Radha as a Villager Radha as a member of a community holds certain responsibility for the land and her village. During flood when people start leaving village, she requests them and urges them to stay. She thinks about welfare of her village. She beats up and even kills her son when she finds him doing something against honour of village. Her younger son tries to take away moneylender’s daughter forcefully; she refers the term â€Å"Gaon ki beti (daughter of the whole village)† for her. This was despite of the fact that the moneylender was root of all the problems in her life. RaConclusion There are very less woman centred movies are made in Bollywood. Number of movies with the theme where woman has been able to bring change in the society is very less. In most of the movies, woman has less significant roles as compared to male characters. The subject of the movie Mother India is not just bold but also it is though provoking. The movie was released in year 1957. This was a period of post independence. Women in the society had to follow very strict social norms and guidelines. The tolerance zone for behaviour of a woman outside these social norms was narrow. The character of Radha has not just followed these norms beautifully but also posed several questions about the women in the society. Radha made a choice for good by killing her son. The starting of movie indicates the progressing India with the Water Canal inauguration by Radha, who is referred as Mother India. This movie has given food of thought to people. Radha was not just a character but also an agent to bring change. She was devoted wife like Goddess Sita and fierce Mother Goddess Kali twice first when she dealt with â€Å"Sukhilala† and second when she killed her son. Probably justifying Radha’s character was the most challenging aspect for the filmmaker, which he has done successfully. Radha did not leave her land even in the worst condition. Not just that she was able to convince other villagers to stay for the good of all. Radha talked about welfare of land and the village. She was determined and proved her concerns of welfare of society. The most appealing factor of the movie was the representation of characters in contradictory modes. Character of Radha became more appealing and powerful with the contradictory representations. Mehboob Khan represented rural India and a rural woman in a manner that it not just offered entertainment values to the audience but also gave a strong social message to the society. Reference: Booth, G. D, Traditional Content and Narrative Structure in the Hindi Commercial Cinema, Journal: Asian Folklore Studies, 54:2. (1995) Pg 169 Rosie Thomas, â€Å"Sanctity and Scandal: The Mythologization of Mother India,† Quarterly Review of Film and Video 11:3 (1989): 11-30 Images retrieved on 29 Oct 2007 from †¢ www. tribuneindia. com/2005/20050526/main1. htm †¢ www. oscarguy. com/Resources/Annual/30th. html †¢ www. afc. gov. au/†¦ /archives/2006/04_oct. aspx †¢ www. afc. gov. au/images/puffs/motherindia1puff. jpg †¢ http://www. boloji. com/cinema/062a. jpg †¢ http://hcl. harvard. edu/hfa/films/2006fall/melodrama. html dha as an Individual At each stage of her life, Radha has proven herself a strong woman. She has maintained her self-respect and courage. She did things that were socially right. She was right of selling off her jewellery and paying off as much debt as possible to avoid the consequences of loans and interest in the future life but as a female and youngest member of the family, she could not take decisions. She had taken up all the responsibilities with courage. Her character in every form reveals the purity which society expects from a woman. GANDHY and THOMAS comment on Radha , â€Å"It is important to recognize that, throughout the film, Radha’s ‘power’ or ‘strength’ is integrally bound up with her respect for ‘traditional values’ . . . it is as a paragon of wifely devotion and chastity . . . that she is accorded respect and authority† (1991, 118 as cited by Booth 1995). How to cite Babes in Bollywood, Papers

JEWISH DEATH AND DYING Essay Example For Students

JEWISH DEATH AND DYING Essay There are numerous cultures in this planet today; however the Jewish view of death makes this culture unique from the rest. Jewish death and mourning rites have two basic principles: kevod ha-met, respectful treatment of the dead, and kevod he-chai, consideration for the feelings of the living. These two principles are highly regarded by the Jewish community (Kolatch 7-8). When a member of a Jewish family is seriously ill it is mandated that immediate family visit the sick during the first three days of sickness. After the three days are over other friends and family can visit. Visitation is not allowed for the first and last three hours of the day, because Moses a twelfth century scholar explained in his Misneh Torah, that medical attention should be given during those hours. The Rabbis of the Talmud (similar to a Catholic Priest) encourage the visiting of the seriously sick, claiming that this eliminates one sixth of the sick person’s pain. By not visiting would make the non -visitor a sinner. It is encouraged that a dying person confesses his or her sins if the person is on the verge of dying to cleanse themselves before they part. Judaism law demands that a terminally ill person should be companied twenty four hours a day to prevent the sick to be plagued with thoughts of death and more important, to keep the demons from taking charge of the patients soul when he dies. A candle is also lighted in the room of the terminally ill to scare off evil spirits and to make it known that a human soul is about to leave earth (Watson)After the death of a person the eyes are closed, so the person can finally rest in peace. Some Jews place the body of the deceased on the floor immediately after death. This is done to cool the body to slow the deterioration of the body and also fulfill the biblical prognostication â€Å"for dust thou art and unto dust shalt thou return†(Genesis 3:19). A candle is then lit and placed near the corpse head to show respect to the soul that departed. In the past twenty-six candles were light around the body; twenty-six is the Jewish numerical number meaning â€Å"God.† Today this is done only to show respect to the dead. Jewish people treat a close family members death similar to Americans. Relatives and friends of the deceased feel great distress, sorrow, and pain. Preparing the deceased for burial is one of the highest priorities in Judaism. The corpse most be thoroughly cleansed in order to return to God in a state of purity. Cremation is not allowed in Jewish law. The corpse is dressed simple, inexpensive, white, loose, linen, garments called shrouds: This was done so the dead would be better prepared for resurrection. The coffins most be made out of unpolished pinewood: this shows how Jewish most treat the dead with simplicity and modesty like tradition expects them to. Each member of the family must tear their garment (long white robe) to show their inner pain. At the chapel service people recit e the Hashkaba (Rest in peace prayer). The first shovels of dirt or thrown by family members and friends. After the service is concluded the cemetery crew fills the grave. Everyone who attends the funeral must cover his or her heads as a sign of respect. Jewish tradition mandates that mourning for a loved one should be seven days (Shoult 34-64). All mirrors are covered for the seven days of mourning, because it is improper to worry about ones looks during mourning. Any form of entertainment and social activity is forbidden during the mourning week. After mourning week loved ones may make visits to the cemetery (Kolatch 200-234). .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c , .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .postImageUrl , .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c , .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c:hover , .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c:visited , .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c:active { border:0!important; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c:active , .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4d29ecc2c1627f5a6ed430f44c71428c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stroke Essay There are many differences between the Jewish culture and other cultures, but one thing that almost all cultures have in common is that almost all mourn when a death to a loved one occurs. The Jewish culture is one that has extraordinary respect for their dead. Not to many cultures treat incident of death like Judaism. I don’t know any Jewish people, but my respect toward them has increased. Bibliography:

Death For Most People Is An Incident That Is Feared. It Could Be The I

Death for most people is an incident that is feared. It could be the idea of not knowing what is going to happen after death, or possible that we haven't accomplished anything during their lifetime. In John Keats When I have fears that I may cease to be, Keats establishes three phases of coping with death. The first is that he wouldn't be able to write down all the poems he had in his head before he died, second is that he would die before he had a romantic experience, and finally if he dies before he has a true love, so he is no longer lonely. Keats feared that he would be unable to write down all his poetry in his head before he died. His fear of not being able to capture all his works before his death is an example of his fear of death, and that he is fully aware of it's rapid descant upon him. Since Keats is still a young poet when he writes this masterpiece, he has tons of ideas in his head for future masterpieces. Hold like rich garners the full ripen grain. Keats is saying here that his brain is full of ideas like a silo is full of grain. It gives Keats the picture of unlimited ideas and never-ending opportunity as a successful poet. Secondly, Keats doesn't want to die before he has a romantic experience or he shall die an unhappy man. He just wants some to hold and cherish. When I look upon the night's starred face,/Huge cloudy symbols of a high romance,/And I think that I may never live to trace... Keats is saying that his search for romance is clouded with obstacles which makes his search for romance even more difficult. He could possible mean that by the night's starred face, as a search for a true love among millions of people. When he says that he may never live to trace it, he means that he may never find his true love mate among all the people in the world. Finally, Keats wants to find true love, so he is no longer all by himself. ...when I feel, fair creature of an hour,/That I shall never look upon thee more. By this he means that when he finds the girl he was set out to find, he will no longer continue to search. He doesn't want to be alone any longer, Of the wide world I stand alone, and think/Till love and fame to nothingness do sink. When Keats closes this poem he is setting up the belief that whatever you do during your lifetime it isn't important when you die, your fame and love all stay while you go to heaven or hell. Keats was an extremely influential poet of his lifetime. His use of vivid details makes reading his work even more entertaining. Its no wonder he is one of the best poets that ever lived. This poem opens up one's own ideas and thoughts about their own death and what they should accomplish before their time.

A best Novel essays

A best Novel essays A best strategy in a novel is one in Pet sitting Here the plan is for the apartment building to burn down because the owner is having financial problems and he needs the insurance money nick the main character in. The book goes to the apartment to pet sit four different animals at the back of the apartment are older folks and the two young men are out most nights It just so happens the night nick decides to sleep at the apartment because the pet owner is out of town something happens As he is coming back from walking the dog the animal chases off in the alley. Nick and his friend follows they see the fire rescue and with the help of a hose the fire did not spread nick realizes the dog must have seen someone in the alley. So the first attempt to set the fire was failed. Suddenly the owner sends repair men to the apartment to fix it up. Eventually most of the apartment light is not working Some thing even stranger happens the dogs are suddenly sick and weak. Nick does not seem to understand. Without the repairmen knowing nick had to sleep again the apartment. He heard noise coming into the apartment and he hid. He hears the repair men talking everything. They made sure the lights were working so he the occupants would go some where else to stay. They even posioned the dog so they would not bark at them Suddenly nicks could see them pouring gas all over the apartment they were going to try again. But nick was quick thinking with the dogs sick he got Eloise the cat who liked scratching and running around to attack the workmen. He was then able to escape and get help and all the bad guys were arrested. ...

Management Task Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Task Analysis - Research Paper Example Although all the industries need to remain alert all the time so that they can keep their customers satisfied and attracted to their products and services. In case of manufacturing businesses, the processes of operations are the most crucial areas of emphasis and the organizations have to make sure that the end product is produced in compliance with the set standards (Zacharatos et al., 2007). In case of automobile companies, the complete operation process is important and every step which starts from the raw material selection to the final product production is vital that needs adequate attention by the management staff (Stanton, 2005). In order to make sure that the cars are produced in the best possible manner, the complete production process needs to be given utmost consideration by the management team. To understand the types of production processes employed in various forms of automobile companies, three companies are being considered, i.e., Ferrari, Rolls-Royce and Toyota. Fer rari Ferrari is the leading name in case of the car racing companies; the company is well-known for the best range of cars that it manufactures for the racing events. In recent times, the company like other automobile companies has made sure that their operation system is flexible so that the engines can be modified according to the customers’ requirements. Crystal and Ellington (2004) stated that the automobile companies need to make sure that they implement those production processes that will help them in increasing their output processes. In case of Ferrari, the market comprises niche target market that values the performance of the engine along with the quality of the car and they are insensitive to its price. The company designs the products for the customers who want to participate in the racing events. For the customers of Ferrari, the most important factor is the smooth running of the cars and they will be paying any price for it. The management tasks for the company , as stated by Gray and Leonard (2009), can be divided as order selection, scheduling of the orders, batch size, inventory management and process improvement. The tasks will have to be carefully monitored by the management team to ensure that the end product has the best quality. The operation systems need to be flexible so that they can be modified according to the customers’ preferences. In the case of Ferrari, the operation process will be a continuous process and line process cannot be implemented as in most of the cases the end product will not be the same. In case of Ferrari, the most important management tasks comprise assessing the staff needs for capacity utilization, long-term planning and inventory requirements along with addressing long-term planning issues such as location issues (Mashilo, 2010) and technological advances that happen constantly (Embrey, 2002). Vertical integration with the suppliers becomes important and adequate inventory needs to be maintained so that the demands are adequately addressed; the labors need to be skilled in handling all the operative measures (Hertzum & Jacobsen, 2003; KPMG, 2005). Rolls-Royce Rolls-Royce is the leading name in the luxury car assembly plant and it is important for the management team to make sure that the operation procedures are properly designed. In order to make sure that

Gender issues in asian traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gender issues in asian traditions - Essay Example t, the dichotomy in the gender roles occur as the primitive societies have viewed men as ‘rational and capable of universally valid thought’ whereas women have always been thought as emotional, feeble and submissive. For them, â€Å"sex differences, the division into male and female bodies, were seen as biological differences†¦.Gender differences, however, behavioural and psychological traits associated with masculinity and femininity, were viewed as socially constructed† (Alsop &Lennon p. 26). This paper tries to analyse the gender roles in Hinduism and Taoism with special reference to the characterization of the feminine in both the religions. One has to keep in mind the fact that both Hinduism and Taoism flourished in highly patriarchal societies where women had minimal roles to play. It is said that Taoism characterizes the feminine as â€Å"passive†, while Hinduism characterizes the feminine as â€Å"active†. However, a close analysis of th e religious practices, gender and social roles of women in both the religions shows one that the characterization of women in Taoism better works in favour of women compared to that of Hinduism. The gender traits of Hindu women can be traced back to their early Brahmanical religion and Vedic inheritance. As Young suggests, the role of women and their rituals during this period was limited to maintaining ‘social and cosmic order’. Rg-Veda propagates the images of the maiden and the bride and praises women for â€Å"their youthful beauty, radiance, appealing adornment, sweet odours, ample hips, and broad thighs† which are evidently associated with â€Å"feminine sensuality and the child-bearing capacity of the girl† (Young 61). Even though the Vedic women’s role was esteemed as wife and mother, she had to remain as a silent partner in the Vedic rituals. The husband’s role was much prominent as he was the patriarchal head of the family and was â€Å"host of the guests, the gods, and was primarily responsible for pleasing

Court Systems Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court Systems Paper - Essay Example This is the system that protects us from chaos. We need to know more about it so that we can understand who we truly are as a people. One of the most significant court cases in recent years was the OJ Simpson trial which took place in California. This was a criminal case, involving an allegation that Simpson had killed his wife and her friend (Hunt). The difference between a criminal and a civil case is very important and is the result of burden placed on the accuser. In the criminal context, the accused must be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil suit, they must only be found guilty on a balance of probability. Criminal cases are usually brought by the People, as represented by a prosecutor. This happened in the OJ Simpson trial. In this case there was a jury who found Simpson not guilty. The defence and prosecution both make their cases before the jury, trying to convince the twelve people sitting there that they are right and the other side is wrong. Some court case s are very exciting, like the OJ Simpson trial, because they involve a lot of human passions (Cotterill). In the Simpson trial, television cameras were also permitted into the courtroom to televise the proceedings. This was something that hadn't really happened before. People get excited about the adversarial nature of the proceedings, which is something that is different than in other countries, where a more inquisitorial, or judge-directed proceeding, occurs. How did we come to have this system? In part, the courts were created by Congress and the Founding Fathers. Today, Congress has a lot of power over the system. As one site remarks: Congress has three other basic responsibilities that determine how the courts will operate. First, it decides how many judges there should be and where they will work. Second, through the confirmation process, Congress determines which of the President's judicial nominees ultimately become federal judges. Third, Congress approves the federal courts ' budget and appropriates money for the judiciary to operate. The judiciary's budget is a very small part — substantially less than one percent — of the entire federal budget (US Courts). There are a number of elements that go into the proper administration of justice in the United States. Indeed, there are so many elements that it is impossible to describe them all here in one place. One of the most important and preliminary issues is that of jurisdiction. Who should hear a matter and where should they hear it? If you commit a crime in another country, American courts will not concern themselves with it. They do not have jurisdiction over the matter. Likewise a court in Detroit does not care what happened in Orlando. There is also the matter of the level of the court. The Supreme Court, for example, is an appellate court and hears appeals. You cannot sue someone in the Supreme Court. Making sure that a court has jurisdiction to hear a case is a very important issue fo r lawyers. Making this rookie error is sure to get your case thrown out. The system exists as it is for a reason. The Constitution lays out the jurisdiction of the federal courts as follows: The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; to all Cases of admiralty and

Comparing Brave New World to Modern Day

Comparing Brave New World to Modern Day Prediction to future technological warfare in Brave New World When thinking about the greater good and scientific advancement, most people believe that they are always beneficial to society but brave new world gives us the negative perspective of technology advancements. In the novel, brave new world written by Aldous Huxley, warns it readers about technological disadvantages and harms. Particular these disadvantages are evident in the field of biology and technology. Firstly, scientific advancement of which Aldous Huxley warns us is about biological technology used. The huge production of humans is achieved and made through process of bokanovsky process. The Director said , But a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, and will divide [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] every embryo into a full-sized adult (Huxley pg.3-4). Humans are being genetically modified and engineered in the experimental laboratories rather naturally. In the real world scenario, it is seen that cloning is a huge scientific advancement that has been made and is still being developed but is considered unethical when living things are brought into the matter of especially human cloning. This idea is also evident the book of thousand splendid suns where the Taliban controls , brain washes and teach lies , deny other religions , restrict from having freedom of thought from the people of Afghanistan also where weapons are a form of power such as guns and drones. Moreover, connecting to pre sent world we can see that embryonic stem cell research is a real thing where an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm to create a human embryo or basically create life. Keeping in mind this process can be seen unethical by some people as they have different values and beliefs. Just like the bokanovsky process this process is also is messing with an embryo and altering gods work. In Brave new World person intelligence is dependent on the amount of alcohol injected into their individual embryos before the process of life starts. Mr. Foster says that, We can make a new one with the greatest ease-as many as we like (Huxley pg.128). Epsilons have a heavy amount of alcohol injected in the decanting process whereas alphas and betas do not go through that process because Epsilons being a lower class society. Todays science is capable of modifying a person DNA but is not able to fully develop a human being by its own yet cloning of animals has been done in our world. For example, Dolly the shee p is a cloned animal who lived a normal live which offered hoped to scientists to use cloned cells in medicine also it was seen that cloned animals age quicker than normal offspring. But this first cloning done my humanity was a big step towards the future and biological advancement. By making a world where human beings are massively produced biologically, Brave new World illustrated those advancements in the aspects of biology, which display it being dangerous despite the wellbeing and betterment of the human race. According to Huxley, advancements in technology can also be a threat to mankind and the society. Among technological advances, one danger is the growth of pharmacology or the in taking of drugs by people and its side effects. The director says that, One cubic centimetre cures ten gloomy sentiments (Huxley pg.46). Soma helps the users into a dream world, providing them with total relief from fear and providing them with happiness. This relates to the character Abigail William, from the crucible where she is acting as soma to the society. Abby manipulates people to get what she wants; her intentions are solely to benefit herself. She does not care about the consequences of her actions as well as she is able to manipulate the town to hurt the people she does not like. Just like the soma which is acting as positive thing for the people of brave new world but in reality a negative one, we can see how medical advancements such as x-ray devices, MRI machines and medical drugs help a person restore his/ her health and making the average human life expectancy much better as years are passing. Technology effects entertainment by altering all the games to be played by humans. Mustafa Mond says that, All conditioning aims at making people like their inescapable social destiny(Huxley pg. 13). Game make less organization, making a person bound to a superficial entertainment as it defies the ideology to be creative. This relates to a thousand splendid suns because men in the book do not care what happens to a women, so do the people of brave new world not care about connecting on an emotional level with each other, everybody serves their purpose within society and each person is there for anybody to use (even sexually) which is similar to a thousand splendid suns where the wife only role is to serve their husbands purpose and fulfill their needs just like Laila providing Rasheed with an heir. This can also relate to our present teenagers gaming mindset where advancement in ga ming technology have caused massive violence and hatred among teens making them do crime. For example Grand theft Auto is a game about stealing, shooting and hurting random people. Due to his game one of the incident that occurred in United States was the one teenager who shot two police men and was prisoned due to his crime. Similar to biological disadvantages, technology can be a dangerous factor towards the society if used inappropriately and without the regarded for the well-being of the human race. Society must ensure that technology and scientific advancements is changing to suit human needs but rather changing human race to suit science. Moreover the world one day without individual free will and sense would make it impossible to overcome these factors. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous, Margaret Atwood, and David Bradshaw. Brave New World. London: Vintage ,  2007. Print.

Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907) :: essays research papers

Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907) William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) was born June 26, 1824 in Belfast, Ireland, and was part of a large family whose mother died when he was six. His father taught Kelvin and his brothers mathematics to a level beyond that of university courses of the time. Kelvin was somewhat of a genius, and had his first papers published in 1840. These papers contained an argument defending the work of Fourier (Fourier transforms), which at the time was being heavily criticized by British scientists. He proved Fourier’s theories to be right. In 1839 Kelvin wrote an essay which he called " An Essay on the Figure of the Earth." He used this essay as a source and inspiration for ideas all his life and won an award from the University of Glasgow in Scotland. Kelvin remained at the University for the rest of his working life. Kelvin first defined the absolute temperature scale in 1847, which was later named after him. In 1851 he published the paper, "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat", and in the same year was elected to the Royal Society. This work contained his ideas and version of the second law of thermodynamics as well as James Joule’s idea of the mechanical equivalent of heat. This idea claimed that heat and motion were combined, which now is taken as second nature. At the time, heat was thought to have been a fluid of some kind. Kelvin also maintained an interest in the age of the sun and calculated values for it. He assumed that the sun produced its radiant energy from the gravitational potential of matter falling into the sun. In collaboration with Hermann von Helmholtz, he calculated and published in 1853 a value of 50 million years. He also had an interest in the age of the earth, and he calculated that the earth was a maximum of 400 million years old. These calculations were based on the rate of cooling of a globe of matter after first solidification occurs ( such as the beginning of the earth). He also calculated that molecular motion stops at -273 degrees Celsius. He called this temperature absolute zero. Kelvin started work in 1854 on the project of laying transatlantic cables. His idea was that electrical current flow was similar to that of heat flow, and by applying ideas on heat flow, helped in the problem of transmitting electrical signals over long distances. In 1866, Kelvin succeeded in laying the first successful transatlantic cable. Kelvin invented the mirror galvanometer which he patented in 1858 as a long

2×2 Switch Simulation in Matlaab

2Ãâ€"2 Packet Switch Simulation Using Matlab Interim Report Contention, output-buffer, queuing process, analytical analysis, simulation Student Name: Deniz Ozdemir Email: [email  protected] qmul. ac. u Supervisor: Dr John Schormans Deniz Ozdemir ec09502 Interim report Contents Page 1. 1 Aim 1. 2 Methodology 1. 3 Objectives 2. Background 2. 1 Performance Evaluation 2. 1. 1 Measurement 2. 1. 2 Analysis/Simulation 2. 2 Packet Switched Networks 3. Introduction 4. Theory 4. 1 Queuing Theory 4. 1. 1 Queuing Model 4. 1. 1. 1 Concept of a queuing model 4. . 2 Queuing theory notation 4. 1. 3 The M/M/1 Queue 4. 1. 4 The M/D/1 Queue 4. 2 Switching 4. 2. 1 Switching Concept 4. 2. 1. 1 Internal Link Blocking 4. 2. 1. 2 Output Port Contention 4. 2. 1. 3 Head Of Line Blocking 4. 2. 2 Time Between Arrivals 4. 2. 3 Counting Arrivals 4. 2. 4 The Queuing Behaviour Of Packets In Output Buffers 4. 2. 4. 1 Calculating The State Probability Distribution 5. Analytical /Simulation Results 5. 1 2Ãâ€"2 Swi tch 5. 1. 1 Analytical Results 5. 1. 2 Simulation Results 5. 2 4Ãâ€"4 Switch 5. 2. 1 Analytical Results 5. 2. Simulation Results 5. 3 8Ãâ€"8 Switch 5. 3. 1 Analytical Results 5. 3. 2 Simulation Results 5. 4 16Ãâ€"16 Switch 5. 4. 1 Analytical Results 5. 4. 2 Simulation Results 6. Conclusion 7. Project Management 7. 1 Risk Analysis 7. 2 Gant Chart 8. References 9. Appendix 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 7 9 9 9 9 11 11 13 14 14 15 15 15 17 19 19 20 22 22 23 25 25 26 28 28 28 28 28 29 1 Deniz Ozdemir ec09502 Interim report 2Ãâ€"2 Packet Switch Simulation Using Matlab 1. Aim Build a simple 2Ãâ€"2 packet switch simulation using Matlab and study its performance 1. 2 Methodology ? Test out simulation on fundamental 2Ãâ€"2 switch element. ? Then expand it. 1. 3 Objectives ? Learn about Matlab. ? Learn about simulation. ? Build simple test model and try it. ? Build 2Ãâ€"2 element in Matlab. ? Simulate results. ? Process results. ? Simulate any new results required. ? Write report. 2. Background 2. 1 Performance Evaluation When networks are designed, the goal of the performance evaluation is that to determine the best effect of the equipment sed. Methods for performance evaluation are measurement techniques , analysis and simulation. [3] 2. 1. Measurement For measurement methods real networks are used for experimentation. The advantage of direct measurement of network performance is that no detail of network operation is excluded but experience hard to test performance limits. Customers won’t like it when you crash the system. [3] 2. 1. 2 Analysis/ Simulation In comparing analysis and simulation, the main factors to consider are the accuracy of results, the time to produce results, and the overall cost of using the method. Advantage of analytical solutions is that they are quite good fit to reality and produces results quickly. However assumptions required to define equations and parameters and they can be very complex. Simulation provides system representation to required precision. However simulation can be time and cost demanding. [3] 2 Deniz Ozdemir ec09502 Interim report 2. 2 Packet Switched Networks In a packet switched network all nodes interconnected by directed links. Packets are routed independently. Packets enter the network at a specific node where they may be queued in a buffer to wait for an outgoing channel to become free. This continued in a hop by hop manner until the packets finally arrive at their destination. Packets may arrive the same destination by taking different routes. That increases efficiency of transmission resources. Also queued packets in the buffer will cause a variable delay and throughput, depending on traffic load. Basic network is shown in figure 1. [1] Figure 1: Packet Switched Network 3. Introduction Contention in a switch affects the performance of a switch. To prevent this some switching techniques are developed. One of the most common switching techniques is the one with output-buffered switch. In this report, queuing process of performance evaluation, for such a switch is done analytically first than simulation analysis is done using Matlab. In the end of the report comparison of two results is done. 4. Theory 4. 1 Queuing Theory Analysis of the queuing process is basic and essential part of the performance evaluation. Because queues are form in a network when there is a high demand on limited resources. 4. 1. 1 Queuing Model Packets arrive at a queuing system to be served for a certain time. If service is not immediately available they wait for service in a storage area (buffer). After a certain length of time, they are served and leave the system. Basic queuing system is shown in figure 2. 3 Deniz Ozdemir ec09502 Interim report Figure 2: Schematic diagram for a single server queuing system [3] Also basic queuing relationship is shown in table below General q=?. W=?. = + Table 1: Basic queuing relationship Single Server ? =?. q=W+? 4. 1. 1. 1 Concept Of A Queuing Model Let N (t) be the number of packets waiting in the queue plus the one who is being served (1,2,3). A series of packets arrive at instants T1

Monumental Stages in Real Freedom essays

Monumental Stages in Real Freedom essays Reconstruction started in 1865 with the end of slavery. Most people felt that the end of slavery will result in freedom, but in actuality it was just the beginning of the fight for freedom in America for African Americans. I believe that there are three monumental stages of the fight for African Americans rights. Religion, Education, and Politics put African Americans exactly where they needed to be to go to war with America. The black church kept a lot of African Americans from going crazy. It was the only place that they could go without worrying about the white folks. African Americans related to Jesus due to the way he was reticule and tortured by people. The bible taught them faith and they believed in it whole heartedly. The church also helped people that where in need, provided schools, and supported political leaders. In the text book The African-American Odyssey Volume Two: Since 1865 pg 265-267 explains the different types of churches in African American History. Apparently the Baptist and Methodist churches were founded by former slaves. They were very independent and the sermon was usually stated very uncomplicated. There were two divisions in Methodist churches. The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church which was developed in 1816 by some African Americans who were discriminated against in a Methodist Church in Philadelphia. http://search.eb.com/blackhistory/micro/7/61.html The Colored Methodist Episcopal (CME) church was established with white and black Methodists. The white Methodist wanted to keep politics out of the church and concentrate on just the spiritual concept. Of course, that method did not work to well. The Presbyterian Congregational and Episcopal churches were geared toward the more successful African Americans. As stated in the Meaning of Freedom text page 267, Freedom and education were inseparable. To remain illiterate after emancipation was ...

Burn Case Study Essays

Burn Case Study Essays Burn Case Study Essay Burn Case Study Essay Mr. Davis is a 56-year-old man who was involved in a fire in his home. He was smoking a cigarette and fell asleep, dropping the cigarette and igniting the bed linens. He sustained full thickness burns over the upper half of his trunk and neck (anterior and posterior) and the posterior aspects of both upper arms. He also sustained superficial partial-thickness burns to his face and hands. He arrived at your burn unit 5 hours after injury. Labs were drawn. A foley catheter and NG tube were inserted in the ER. Assessment findings: Height is 72 inches, weight is 185 lbs. You auscultate wheezes in the patient’s lungs and he has a productive cough of a small amount of carbon-tinged sputum. Mr. Davis rates his pain at a â€Å"9† on a scale of 0-10. He denies pain at the chest, neck, back, and upper arms. Urine output has totaled 150 ml since the foley was inserted 2 hours ago. His foley is draining burgundy-colored urine. Mr. Davis is experiencing nausea, has faint bowel sounds, and his abdomen is distended. A nasogastric tube was inserted to low intermittent suction and is draining dark yellow-green liquid. His extremities are edematous making the pulses difficult to palpate. His blood pressure is 96/50, pulse 114 beats per minute, respirations are 24, and temperature is 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The greatest initial threat to a patient with a major burn is hypovolemic shock. Using the above assessment: 1. Do you think Mr. Davis is experiencing hypovolemic shock? If so, what data supports this? (2 points) Yes, Mr. Davis is most likely experiencing hypovolemic shock, due to low blood pressure, increased heart rate, as well as an increase in respiratory rate.

Examine the ways in which business contributes to economic, political, Essay

Examine the ways in which business contributes to economic, political, and social stability and instability - Essay Example Under this section, the global financial recession of 2008 will serve as a classic example of the potential of businesses to contribute to economic instability. Under the second section, a critical analysis of the contribution of businesses to political stability and instability will be discussed. The third section will consider the contribution of businesses to ether social stability or instability. Contribution of Businesses to Economic Stability or Instability Many economists have focused on describing the factors that affect the stability of the economy in different parts of the globe. The adoption of capitalism as an ideology in the business world brings out a clear picture of the dynamics that defined the business world. Capitalism is a system that favoured the rich countries that had the capital to invest, and served as a disadvantage to the lower class in any society that had to work as labourers with minimal wages. The bigger picture of the capitalism indicates that the esta blishment of free markets only serves to promote the interests of the rich. The rich countries have enjoyed the benefits of capitalism. On one side, capitalism has caused the economic stability of the wealthiest developed countries. This is evident from the analysis of the roots of capitalism in Europe and the trends that followed with capitalists occupying different territories. As Chang highlights in his critic of the capitalist system, it is evident that the opening up of markets promoted by capitalism has little benefit to the poor countries and has been the cause of the surging economic crises in these countries in the recent years (Chang & Lane2010, p. 34). Moreover, the capitalist system has only served to build several distinct capital systems that exhibit a level of competition. This competition only results in adversity that compromises the economies of some countries, while promoting the interests of the capitalist hegemony. After the recession experienced in the United S tates during the 1930s, it became evident that there was need for control of the business world. This led to the formation of different organizations that have been at the forefront of controlling the global markets and monetary systems. Evidently, these organizations have exerted a form of regulation of the international markets determining the ensuing business trends. Moreover, regional regulatory bodies that control the business trends in each region. Chang argues that the elimination of opaque financial products may foster a level of certainty concerning the future stability of the economy (Chang & Lane2010, p. 64). Evidently, it has proved impossible to ensure that each country and region maintain the openness and freeness of markets. Many countries have focused on the production of the opaque business products that have affected the stability of some economies. The 2008 financial recession reveals evidence that businesses have the potential of causing instability. The failure of banks was the primary cause of the recession. Prior to the recession, a few of the great banks controlled the financial system and had the security that they were not subject to failure. Moreover, many of the Americans had

E-Commerce Methods of Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

E-Commerce Methods of Amazon - Essay Example Amazon is able to lower its costs because it can offer customers lower prices than competitors. Lower production costs result in savings for customers because Amazon is able to pass those on.  Despite selling products for very little profit, Amazon is able to gain traction in the market simply because of the sheer volume of orders that it processes every day. Because Amazon focused on selling its products online from the very beginning, it was able to become well-known as an online goods store.  With Internet purchases increasing year on year, Amazon is well-placed to dominate the market for years to come. New market entrants are simply unable to compete with the purchasing power that Amazon has through its vast number of customers. The disadvantage to Amazon only selling through the Internet is that if the Internet is affected in any way over the next few years, the business will feel the effects of that. This is why Amazon should consider diversifying its business model so that risk is lessened.

Historiographical Survey of Nazi Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Historiographical Survey of Nazi Germany - Essay Example Moreover, the country lead by Hitler was called as Nazi Germany which was one of the most powerful countries in that era. There are many aspects of Nazi Germany which can be discussed and there are many factors and questions which can be raised in this topic. As the twentieth century is filled with revolutions, the movement of Nazi Germany is also considered as or can be perceived as a â€Å"Revolution† and Hitler being the â€Å"Revolutionist† for some people because it was the time when Germany was â€Å"Progressing† economically and militarily. Even though Nazi Germany and policies made by Hitler could be perceived as â€Å"Revolution† for some people, however, the movement of Nazi Germany was not a revolution because it was not well supported and appreciated by the people of the country. The debate of â€Å"Nazi Germany as a Revolution† is really important because it was the Nazi Germany which was one of the most prominent causes of world war tw o. Moreover, it was actually lead by an ideology called as â€Å"Fascism† on the basis of which the movement of Nazi Germany got its support from the people. In this way, this debate is also very important because it involves an ideology which was affecting not only the political but economic aspects of Japan, Italy, Austria and Germany. Furthermore, one of the most important features of Fascism and Fascist Nazi Germany headed by Adolf Hitler is that the economy tends to be independent from other countries and the economic needs of the country must be fulfilled y its own money and resources. In this way, the country also tends to be economically independent for its progress. In this way, the debate over Nazi Germany is very important because it was fascism and fascist Nazi policies due to which the economy of Germany was growing so fast. On the other hand, this debate over Nazi Germany also deals with the matter of the fact that their ideology known as â€Å"Fascism† w as totally opposite to that of communism and, later on, Germany fought with the Soviet Union which was a Communist regime. Besides this, the importance of this debate can also be estimated by the by the fact that it was Nazi Germany which started Second World War in which Nuclear Bomb was used for the first time in the history of human kind in which a large number of people were killed out of whom 22,565 are still alive. So this was the Germany itself which challenged the world and destroyed itself, and eventually leaving the rest of the world for the Cold War between Communism and Capitalism. Besides this, the debate over Nazi Germany is also very important because it involves and discusses the brutality over the Jews and, hence, teaches the younger generation about tolerance for the diversity of beliefs and equality for the people of all religions. Another important question can also be that even if it was a revolution then whether it was supported by bourgeoisie according to the Marxist view point (Henry, 185) or it was supported by the common masses of all classes? 1 The debate over the very controversial issue â€Å"Nazi as a Revolution† involves many questions and aspects which can be argued and discussed. For example, an 2important question surrounding this debate is that was Nazi policies and movement supported by the people of Germany? Similarly there are also many other questions surrounding this debate such as the question about the formation and building block of

Eminent Domain Essay Example for Free

Eminent Domain Essay The power of eminent domain is succinctly provided under the U. S. Constitution, specifically in the Fifth Amendment which in part provides, â€Å". . . nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation† (U. S. Constitution, Fifth Amendment). The power of eminent domain is one of the attributes of sovereignty. This being the case, it can still be exercised even without a constitutional provision to that effect [Boom Co. V. Patterson, 98 U. S. 403 (1878)]. Historically, the power of eminent domain has been employed by the American colonies for public projects like roads and bridges (Oxford Companion, 2005). Originally, the power was considered to be applicable only to the federal government by virtue of the Fifth Amendment. â€Å"The power of eminent domain of state governments was unrestrained by any federal authority† {Green v. Frazier, 253 U. S. 233 (1920)]. â€Å"The just compensation provision of the Fifth Amendment did not apply to the States, and at first the contention that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment afforded property owners the same measure of protection against the States as the Fifth Amendment did against the Federal Government was rejected† (Find Law web site, n. . ). However, with the inclusion of the Due Process clause or the Fourteenth Amendment, the power applied to the states in so far as the just compensation requirement as an element of due process as the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Chicago, Burlington Quincy Railroad v. Chicago (1897) (Oxford Companion, 2005). Except for North Carolina which exercises the power by virtue of a statutory authority, the other state governments derive theirs from their respective constitutions (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). For the power of eminent domain to be validly exercised, the following requisites or elements must concur and be proven, namely, that the property being taken is private property; there must be ‘taking;’ the taking must be for public use; and, there must be just compensation (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The first element, private property refers to â€Å"land as well as fixtures, leases, options, stocks, and other items† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Property rights such as water rights and right to reasonable use of the space above one’s property may also fall within the purview of private property (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The second element, ‘taking’ means â€Å"the taking of physical property, or a portion thereof, as well as the taking of property by reducing its value† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). There is compensation when the property is taken or its use is extensively restricted that it amounts to confiscation. For instance, a highway was constructed over the waterfront to inland property; the owner of that property must be paid considering that he lost his right to use the waterfront (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Also when airplane flights are low enough to deprive the owner of the private property below of his reasonable use of the space above his property must also be compensated as this amount to taking. The concept of ‘taking’ under the power of eminent domain should not be confused with the regulatory takings under the police power of the State. The power of eminent domain is also called the Takings clause. The difference is that in the exercise of the power of eminent domain, the ‘taking’ is for public use while on the other hand, the ‘taking’ in the exercise of police power is for purposes of regulating that property as it is â€Å"detrimental to public interest† (U. S. Constitution Annotated, n. d. ). The ‘taking’ in the exercise of police power is for the common welfare and is usually in the health and safety regulations (U. S. Constitution Annotated, n. d. ). The third element is ‘public use. It is required that the property is taken for the use and benefit of the public and not specific persons. The determination of whether a specific use is public or not rests upon the courts and is considered a question of fact. However, if there is a law which specifies the public use for which it shall be devoted, â€Å"courts will defer to legislative intent† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). In the determination of ‘public use’ the courts inquire into the fact that the property would be used by â€Å"broad segment of the general public† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Through the years the Supreme Court in its judicial pronouncements, has expanded the concept of public use as to include â€Å"trade centers, municipal civic centers, and airport expansions† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). In 1954, public use even encompassed beautification purposes of the community. In the case of Berman v. Parker, the Court declared that the clearing of the slums is deemed as public use. The Court reviewed the plan of District of Columbia to raze properties which are partly blighted so that a department store can be erected to be managed by a private entity. The Supreme Court upheld the decision of District Columbia and ruled that it is within the prerogative of the legislative body to determine which property can be subject to the ‘taking’ for aesthetic considerations (348 U. S. 26). â€Å"Subject to specific constitutional limitations, the legislature, not the judiciary, is the main guardian of the public needs to be served by social legislation enacted in the exercise of the police power; and this principle admits of no exception merely because the power of eminent domain is involved† [Berman v. Parker 348 U. S. 26 (1954)]. In support of the legislative body, the Court further ruled that it is within the legislature’s power to address the issues of blighted areas of the community. â€Å"Redevelopment of an entire area under a balanced integrated plan so as to include not only new homes but also schools, churches, parks, streets, and shopping centers is plainly relevant to the maintenance of the desired housing standards and therefore within congressional power† [Berman v. Parker 348 U. S. 26 (1954)]. Traditionally, the concept of public use was applied in cases which involved supplying of water, electricity, transportation, roads and bridges and the like but due to the expansion of its scope through the years, a definitive determination of its scope is difficult. Defining the scope is basically one of legislative pronouncement directed to the purposes of government, incapable of abstract or historical definition [Berman v. Parker 348 U. S. 26 (1954)]. In a recent case of Hawaii Housing Authority v.  Midkiff (1984), at issue was the Land Reform Act of 1967 which provided for â€Å"a land condemnation scheme† in which title over the real property is passed from the owner-lessor to the lessees to re-distribute land and â€Å"reduce concentration of land ownership† [Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff 467 U. S. 229 (1984)]. It allowed lessees who reside in tracts of land with at least five acres of land area to request for condemnation from the Hawaii Housing Authority. A hearing would be ordered to determine if the condemnation is for public use [Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff 467 U. S. 229 (1984)]. The rationale in the transfer of ownership is found in the preservation of a free market. The proposition proceeds from a realization that concentration of land in the hands of the few prevented the â€Å"free market in real estate† and therefore its preservation is deemed a public benefit [Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff 467 U. S. 229 (1984)]. The allowance of these takings for reconveyance of land is allowed even by the U. S. Supreme Court based on the idea that the new owners will spur more effective uses to the land and thereby create more revenues in the form of taxes for the government. The last element of the power of eminent domain is just compensation. The measure of just compensation or the amount to be paid to the owner of the property condemned or expropriated is based on the fair market value (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). It is defined as â€Å"the price that could have reasonably resulted from negotiations between an owner who was willing to sell and a purchaser who desired to buy (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). This value is determined by the uses to which the property can be devoted at the time of the taking. Factors such as â€Å"history and general character of the area and the adaptability of the land for future buildings† are also considered (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The Court, in the case of Monongahela Navigation Co. v. United States, explained that the value of just compensation should be based on the owner’s loss being placed in the best financial position as if the property had not been expropriated rather than the value of gain for the condemnor (Monongahela Navigation Co. v. United States, 148 U. S. 312). The compensation should be paid in cash, and the amount is determined as of the date title vests in the condemnor. Interest is paid on the award until the date of payment† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). The proceedings usually vary in the different states. Basically, it involves two phases, i. e. condemnation of the property and the determination of just compensation. During the pendency of the proceedings, the owner of the condemned property may continue in using his property provided that there is no substantial alteration of the same is made (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). In all proceedings, the owner must be afforded due process. This means that he must be duly notified and be given an opportunity to be heard, i. e. present his evidence and his own witnesses. He must be given also the opportunity to dispute the compensation determined if he does not agree with it. â€Å"The owner of the land has an automatic right to appeal† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). There are also cases when the owner of the land is the party that commences the proceedings. This is called inverse condemnation proceedings. This type of proceedings is usually resorted to for environmental concerns when the government has encroached on the interest of the owner of the land without paying him the just compensation such as when the government â€Å"floods a farmers field or pollutes a stream crossing private land† (West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). With the disappearance of the traditional federal constitutional restraints on the exercise of the power of eminent domain, has the ‘public use’ requirement metamorphosed into public abuse. What therefore are its ramifications and how can these be resolved. Discussion and Analysis The power of eminent domain had been recognized by the American judiciary as a ‘despotic’ power, that notwithstanding, it also recognized that it is an inherent power necessary for it to subsist. Traditionally, the Takings clause was used only in clear situations necessitating public use projects where public necessity has been shown. The power has been exercised for bridges, roads and the like. As it developed, it was also exercised in relation to development of blighted areas because the removal of slum areas is considered as for a public purpose. The Berman case has to a certain extent modified ‘public use’ into ‘public purpose. ’ In fact it has passed on judicial responsibility of scrutiny to the legislative body that once the object is within its authority, the right to exercise the power becomes clear. As if this was not enough, the concept of ‘public use’ was completely eroded in the case of Kelo, et al. v. City of New London, Connecticut which was decided by the Supreme Court in 2005 (545 U. S. 4). A large-scale development plan was approved by the New London in order to spur economic development to an economically distressed city in terms of jobs, taxes and revenues. The residential neighborhood which is not blighted is supposed to be replaced by a research center, office space, conference hotel and the like. Portions of the project will be leased out by the private developers who will build the entire project. The city development agent was able to purchase private lands from the consenting owners. However, a number of the other residents refused to sell out and contested the condemnation proceedings initiated against their properties. The property owners filed an appeal before the Supreme Court after the having lost in the Connecticut Supreme Court [Kelo, et al. v.  City of New London, 545 U. S. 4 (2005)]. The U. S. Supreme Court ruled, â€Å"’public use’ should not be read literally. It has embraced the broader and more natural interpretation of public use as public purpose. Promoting economic development is a traditional and long-accepted governmental function. Therefore, the condemnations were for a public purpose and met the public use requirement† [Kelo, et al. v. City of New London, 545 U. S. 4 (2005)]. The rationale, for which the Bill of Rights in the Constitution was included, is for the purpose of protecting the citizenry from the vast powers of the government. These are safeguards to ensure individuals from possible abuses. Therefore any issue of doubt should be interpreted in favor of the individual and strictly against the government. Protecting property rights is one of the hallmarks of democracy. With the recent decision of the Supreme Court, every property now lies under the ghost of condemnation for the benefit of private persons. The requisites provided by the Constitution for the exercise of the power of eminent domain must be strictly adhered to and should not be interpreted loosely as to accommodate expanded meanings. It may be argued that redevelopment would bring benefits to the community and therefore the public as whole; still this is done at the expense of depriving and even curtailing the property rights of property owners who refuse to surrender them in the guise of a reasonable and lawful exercise of the power of eminent domain. Again, it may be argued further that these property owners would nevertheless receive just compensation. However, the proceedings and the determination of the amount of just compensation may be tedious. The owner who may have issues as to the amount already determined may have scarce resources to raise these issues in a long and expensive legal battle in court as against vast resources of government and legal machinery. In general, with an expansive justification to the taking, the peaceful possession and ownership of a property owner is disturbed. Analysis of states legislations reveal that majority of the laws contain justification for the exercise of the power of eminent domain in cases where there is a determination of blighted areas which pose unsanitary and unsafe conditions. In these cases, the necessity for public use is clearly established. In the case of Kelo, no such necessity exists and the higher risk of redevelopment authorities to take advantage of such ruling is not remote. The ruling in the Kelo case signifies the utter lack of creativity and ingenuity on the part of the state authorities to conceive and plan ways and means to spur economic redevelopment other than by taking private properties from its owners. The state officials/government seemed to have acted as middleman in procuring property for the private individuals. One of the city redevelopment directors has been quoted as saying, â€Å"city decides which properties to condemn based on whether someone in the private sector wants the land and has a project for it† (Staley, 2003). Clearly, it is the private interests that push redevelopment. The issue of whether this would benefit the public would remain to be seen and while waiting for this to materialize, the property owners were already deprived of the properties they have acquired and established residence in through time. Economic redevelopment is basically a function and responsibility of government but by approving redevelopment plans of private contractors and the acquisition of private properties under the guise of the power of eminent domain, government has in effect contracted out its function and responsibility in spurring economic development within their localities in favor of private entities. On the whole, the exercise of the power of eminent domain under the expansive meaning of ‘public use’ sends a wrong signal to private individuals. It is every American’s dream to own and establish a family home in a community where their children can grow up. In fact laws such as the Homeowners Protection Act have been enacted to support this and assist those who establish family residential homes. It is also every American’s dream to own real property so they toil and labor so that the fruits of their work can be invested for their security in the future. However, with the deplorable manner by which the power of eminent domain is now exercised, property rights are wrecked and city governments are on carte blanche as to which properties may be condemned as dictated by redevelopment companies whose only tool seems to be that. The Court in the Kelo case reverted to the States the function to impose restrictions and restraints in the exercise of the power of eminent domain. This may be interpreted as an abdication of the Court’s power to strike down the abusive manner in which the power of eminent domain was exercised. It is empowered by the Constitution under its judicial review power to declare whether an act of government officials have been executed beyond the mandated duties and functions. The Court is duty bound to ensure safeguards against government action.

Pediatric and Adult Migraines Essay -- Health Head Aches Essays

Pediatric and Adult Migraines Many people are surprised to find that children get migraines. It is one of those illnesses that are associated with adults only. A migraine is an intense, pounding headache with nausea that occurs infrequently. The headache starts around the eyes, the forehead, or the sides of the head. Bright lights and loud noises also make the headache worse, and any movements make this headache worse. Migraines last from a few hours to a few days in serious cases (1). Over 8 million children get migraines a year, which results in over 1 million lost schooldays cumulatively. 20% of adolescents in high school suffer from migraines as well. Pediatric migraines commonly stop when a child becomes an adult. Migraines occurring prior to puberty are about evenly split between boys and girls, and after puberty many more girls than boys experience them. Older children experience migraine pain typically on only one side of the head. Younger children, however, experience pain on both sides of the head. Some people also see a "warning aura," which is a pattern of lines or shadows in front of their eyes as the headache starts (2). Types of migraines are therefore classified as either common (no aura warning) or classic (with aura warning). Aura symptoms usually occur 30 to 60 minutes before the acute headache and generally are resolved by that time (3). Why are pediatric and adult migraines different? There are many different stimulants that trigger a migraine headache. Certain foods, like cheese, processed meats, chocolate, caffeine, MSG, nuts, or pickles are common triggers. Stress and too much exercise can also trigger an attack (1). Most children with migraines have a family history of ... ...ds.com/Health/Advice/migrainetreatme_zyg_gn.html 5) Aromaa, M. et al. "Pain Experience of Children With Headache and their Families: A Controlled Study." Pediatrics 106 (2000): 270-275 . 6) Hermann, C. and Blanchard, E.B. "Psychophysiological Reactivity in Pediatric Migraine Patients and Healthy Controls." Journal of Psychosomatic Research44:2 (1998): 229-240. 7)Sartory, G. et al. "A comparison of psychological and pharmacological treatment of pediatric migraine." Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 (1998): 1155-1170. 8) Pivate Pharmacological Information site, greeat online pharmacist answers to questions about metoprolol medication. http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/metopro.htm 9) Gerber, Wolf-Dieter et al. "Slow cortical potentials in migraine families are associated with psychosocial factors." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 52 (2002): 215-222.

Wisdom of Parents in the Poem, Photograph of My Father In His Twenty-Second Year :: Photograph of My Father In His Twenty-Second Year

Wisdom of Parents in the Poem, Photograph of My Father In His Twenty-Second Year We have all grown up hearing our parent's advice "Do as I say, not as I do". When your parents give this advice you do not always listen at first, but later on in life you may catch yourself using it. I believe it is very important value, respect and listen to what your parent's say; their experience with life is their major tool in shaping their children into adults. Parents have lived life longer than their children that is a fact. And what they have gained is wisdom. Through out their lives they have learned from their personal experience and can use these experiences to try and guide their children in the right direction in a similar experience. In the poem "A Song In The Front Yard" (Gwendoly Brooks, Bridges 44) it gives us a picture of a child wanting to explore more of the world than her parents think she should. "I've stayed in the front yard all my life,"(Line 1) this line tells us that the child was a little sheltered. Not able to go out of the front yard the child was kept in away from the rest of the world. "I want a peek at the back" (Line 2) in this line the child wants to explore more than just the front yard, just to go into the back yard would be great. "To where the charity children play. I want a good time today. They do some wonderful things. They have some wonderful fun. (Lines 8-10) In these lines they show how the child sees the surroundings outside the fence. The child sees that the other children are doing fun things that the child wishes he or she could do. He or she sees the activities of the other children as wonderful. The other children are probably doing things that the child in the front yard doesn't get to do. "My mother sneers, but I say it's fine how they don't have to go in at quarter to nine. My mother, she tells me that Johnnie Ma will grow up to be a bad woman." (Lines 11-14) In these lines the poet depicts the mother's feelings of the other children. She doesn't think that they are the best crowd for her child to be influenced by or maybe the activities they are doing are quite appropriate.

Reasons for bullying behaviour Essay

Olweus (1980) identified that bullying children are usually impulsive and have an aggressive temperament and children who are bullied have a shy or weak temperament. Some of the children who are bullied lack assertiveness skills. Also, being different in some way such as being from a different ethnic group increases the chances of being bullied. In addition, children with special educational needs, with a physical disability or mild or moderate learning difficulties are also at risk of getting bullied. Researches conducted by Petterson, DeBaryshe and Ramsay (1989) also identifies factors at home as reasons for bullying. Factors such as lack of warmth between the parents or among other members of the family, use of physical violence within the family or lack of clear guidance for behaviour to the children or even lack of monitoring of children’s activities. Study conducted by Olweus (1980) in Norvegia also indicated links of family background to bullying. For bullied children, Olweus (1993) found that over-protective parenting may increase the risk of being bullied. Children in over-protected family environments usually do not develop skills as much as children who are independent and hence become vulnerable by the bullies. Bowers, Smith and Binney (1992) conducted research on the children’s, who are either the bullies or the victims, perception of their families. They studied and compared the perceptions of bullies, victims, bully/victims and control children. The study indicated that many bullies and bully/victims perceived that their families were relatively lacking affection among the family members. The study also revealed that there were very poor monitoring procedures. The children who are only involved in bullying perceived that their families have power relationships between the siblings and the other members of the family. In this case of bully/victims the children perceived difficulties with the parental behaviour such as punitive ness and lack of involvement. The children perceived that their parents were more concerned about their own position in the family. (Smith, P. K. et al, 2007) Peer-level characteristics associated with bullying and victimisation Peers are considered to be the most influential group in issues related to bullying. Various studies such as Espelage et al (2003), Pellegrini & Long (2002), Rodkin et al (2000) have studied the influence of peers in how individuals take to aggression and bullying. Homophily Hypothesis This hypothesis is based on the similarity of individuals within a group. In the late childhood and early adolescence, the peer group becomes extremely important for the individuals. During this time, the peer group involves in similar behavioural dimensions such as smoking, academic achievements and so on. This similarity within the group is called homophily. In studies conducted on middle school students, homophily was found to be true in explaining the extent of how much the peer influenced each other in bullying their peers. The effect of peers was found to be higher for bullying than fighting. This provided evidence that peer influence plays an important role in low-level aggression than fighting. It was found that students generally hang out with the kids who bullied others. It was found that the students who bullied at similar frequency were found to hang out more. Dominance theory Dominance theory is based on the observation that during the early adolescence, children look to increase their dominance. Pellegrini (2002) observed that the transition to middle school requires children to renegotiate their dominance relationships. Bullying is found to be a deliberate strategy for attaining the dominance, especially in a newly formed peer groups. Studies indicate that bullying was used more frequently by boys who targeted their aggression towards other boys during this transition. This theory is structured around the complex interaction among the adolescent for the need of dominance, changes in the social surroundings and peer-group structure and the desire to interact with the opposite sex. Attraction Theory Attraction theory is based on the change in behaviour of young adolescents. It focuses on their need to establish a separation from their parents and also become attracted to other people in their age group who possess characteristics that is a reflection of independence. This independence can be interpreted as delinquency, aggression, disobedience and similar characteristics. In this period, these adolescents are less attracted to individuals who possess characteristics of childhood such as compliance and obedience. This makes these early adolescents attracted to peers who are aggressive. This was also found during a study of 217 boys and girls by Bukowski, who found that the girls and boys were more attracted to aggressive peers when they entered the middle school. The increase in attraction for aggressiveness was more for girls. The different theories, especially the homophily hypothesis, dominance theory and attraction theory demonstrate the complex nature of bullying during the early years of adolescence.

Argue the case both for and against the suggestion that sovereignty is of declining significance in international relations Essay Example

Argue the case both for and against the suggestion that sovereignty is of declining significance in international relations Essay Example Argue the case both for and against the suggestion that sovereignty is of declining significance in international relations Essay Argue the case both for and against the suggestion that sovereignty is of declining significance in international relations Essay It is too facile to claim that, in a globalised world, the age of state is dead, although it is also now much harder to sustain the argument that the state is all-powerful (McCrone quoted in Tierney, 2005, 171) Realists claim the sovereign state the central actor in international politics. Indeed, most theories of international relations recognize the sovereign state as the dominant entity in the international society. Nevertheless, the rise of international institutions and worldwide economic integration is questioning the very viability of the sovereign state (Brown, 2005, 3). This essay will elaborate on the existence of state sovereignty in todays globalized world. It will bring forth arguments pro the suggestion that sovereignty is of declining significance in international relations, as well as con. Firstly, the concept of sovereignty is briefly evaluated. Secondly, it is contended that sovereignty consists of four identities and that these for identities are disconnected. Thirdly, challenges to state sovereignty will be divided into three dimensions 1) the emergence of supra-national states 2) sub-state nationalism 3) globalization and primarily economic integration. Lastly, this essay will reason that these challenges are threatening different elements of sovereignty, arguing their relative significance. Due to reason of space and the vastness and controversy of this essay topic, limitations are inevitable. The essay is majorly dealing with contemporary issues related to the debate and the reader should bear in mind that the essay is elusive in the sense that arguments are only dealt with cursorily. The concept of sovereignty Before examining how state sovereignty may be withering away, it is imperative to understand how sovereignty has been traditionally conceived. Since the late 16th century sovereignty has been strictly linked to the concept of states and Bodin undeniably referred to the supreme authority conferred on the state. Albeit, in medieval France souverain could refer to any authority which had no other authority above itself (Oppenheim, 1912, 111) and therefore its highest court were at that time entitled Cours Soverains (Pemberton, 2009, 1). Sovereignty in absolute terms reflects the status secured at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the constitution recognized the following definition: within its borders the state or government has entitlement to supreme, unqualified and exclusive political and legal authority (McGrew, 2006, 29). In reality, sovereignty is an indefinite phenomenon, mirroring the complex system of how states function today (Pemberton, 2009, 1). Nuanced identifications of sovereignty commonly refer to it as not an organic whole but a container of both legal and political elements (Brown, 2005, 116). More specifically, Krasner identifies four different ways of conceptualizing sovereignty. Firstly, Domestic sovereignty refers to the authoritarian organization within the state and its effectiveness. Secondly, Interdependence sovereignty is the ability of a state to control the movements of goods, people, capital and ideas across its borders. Thirdly, International legal sovereignty refers to the recognition as a sovereign state in the international society. For example, an internationally legal sovereign state can sit in the United Nation and voluntarily sign treaties. Lastly, Westphalian sovereignty has according to Krasner nothing to do with the Peace of Westphalia. It refers to authoritative external influences being absent, in other words, not to intervene in other sovereign states internal affairs (Krasner, 1999, 3-5). If nothing else stated, forthcoming discussion will refer to sovereignty as incorporating all these elements. Sovereignty a container of elements In terms of sovereignty, the world has never really worked in the way people assert it has. Krasner claim that domestic, interdependence, legal international and Westphalian sovereignty are disconnected and hardly any state embodies all four of them, the United States might be one of the rare cases (Krasner, 1999, 5-10). Hong Kong is one amongst many problematic examples. As a member of the World Trade Organization Hong Kong to some extent has international legal sovereignty, however, it does not have Westphalian sovereignty as China at any time can intervene. Additionally, Somalia is a very common example of a so-called failing state. It obviously does not have effective domestic sovereignty and disputably it might or might not have Westphalian sovereignty. Still, like other failing states in Sub-Saharan Africa, it has international legal sovereignty and thus recognized as a sovereign state (Krasner, 2008, 1-5) (McCall Smith 2001, 83-90) States do not have to be failing or oddities like Hong Kong to lack one element of the four identities. Krasners argument that there are fewer countries than we think which actually consist of all elements supports the idea of sovereignty as not a narrow positivist construction. Additionally, one can argue that some aspects of sovereignty are of more or less importance in todays world. Three challenges to sovereignty According to Stephen Tierney, there are three rival sites of authority contesting the construction of the sate as supreme site of territorial sovereignty (Tierney, 2005, 175). Supra-states Firstly, the emergence of supra-state political and lawful orders of which the European Union is the most frequent example; another less institutionally sophisticated examples is the World Trade Organization (Tierney, 2005, 164-166). Indisputably, the pre-eminence of EU law contravene the sovereignty of the Member States. Law-making power is one of the key features of sovereignty and on principle the EU courts decisions have direct effects on Member States. This is argued a loss of Westphalian sovereignty, however, all Member Sates have voluntarily signed the constitution. In that sense, state sovereignty as a whole remains intact as any member can, although unfeasibly, decide to leave the union (Pemberton, 2009, 2-6) (Conversation with Stephen D. Krasner, 2003). With the emergence of supra-national orders (NAFTA, ASEAN etc.), states increasingly limit their Westphalian Sovereignty. On the contrary, Member Sates of supra-national orders have not been giving up international legal sovereignty (they are still individually represented in the UN), stressing its recurrent significance. Therefore McGrew argues sovereignty no longer a legal claim to absolute power but a tool of bargaining with other agencies and social impetuses (McGrew, 2006, 33). As a response to arguments that states are forfeiting power, Tierney contends supra-states (as well as sub-state movements) represent the reallocation of state power to alternative territorial sites. Hence, it is not a loss of power from the state but rather the redistribution within it (Tierney 2005, 172). Sub-sate nationalism During the last three decades, sub-state national societies have emerged within a number of liberal democracies; three outstanding examples are Scotland (United Kingdom), Quebec (Canada) and Catalonia (Spain). Not only have they re-declared their national distinctiveness but also called upon constitutional recognitions (Tierney, 2005, 167). It is often wrongly believed that sub-state nationalism is driven by the same impetus as existing states and built on the same dynamics. Likewise supra-states sub-state nationalism is territorially based, but at the same time distinctly different as it first and foremost operates within the state, nevertheless acting beyond its borders. Ergo, sub-state nationalism poses structural challenges to the coherence Westphalian nation-state model and the monistic concept of it. Furthermore, embodies a similar amount of authority akin to the two challenges mentioned above (Tierney, 2005, 166-169). Sub-state movements disputably subvert domestic sovereignty. Even though Tierney argue secessionist movements in decline, if a particular sub-national group no longer want to be apart of the parent state, it may perforce lead to erosion of confidence in state leadership. Indeed, the government ability to exercise domestic sovereignty will be impeded by the need to direct resources to quell riots and the lack of confidence (Cohan, 2006, 932). Globalization and economic integration Tierney refers to the sectoral level as primarily economic challenges through the extra-territorial dimension often referred to as globalization (Tierney, 2005, 165). Globalization is an ambiguous phenomenon open to a myriad of interpretations; McGrew refers to it as an increasing sense of interconnectedness, driven by various economic factors, technological innovation, changes in policy and cultural preferences (McGrew, 2006, 22). Disputably, globalization is subverting the authority of the state as the importance of the borders and boundaries that disaggregate the word into its some 193 states are diminishing (McGrew, 2006, 22). With a shrinking world, issues such as terrorism, nuclear weapons, and the environment have become of global concern because of their likelihood to have worldwide consequences. Thus, with increased interconnectedness Cohan argues globalization leads to the inability of the state to use unfettered powers (Cohan, 2006, 910). Multinational corporations, which can move factories in and out of countries or impose demands upon the state before investing, is one amongst many examples demonstrating how global integration external pressure is restricting the power of the sovereign state. Both the East Asian crisis in 1997 and the financial collapse of the American economy in 2008 had disastrous worldwide consequences (McGrew, 2006, 20). As for a current issue, if no solution is cooperated, the European debt crisis will have severe international ramifications (The Economist, 17 September 2011). Such crises undeniably depict how integrated the world financial system has become and how sensitive markets and states are to one another. Consequently, Susan Strange suggests that market forces are controlling the state governments rather than the opposite (Simpson, 2008, 59). As stressed above, global forces are undermining government control over national economies and their societies, leading to a comparative denationalization of power and a world with shared social space (McGrew, 2006, 24). Hence, one can proclaim that globalization is fundamentally questioning interdependence sovereignty. Nevertheless, critics believe that sectoral confrontations lead to a diffusion of certain powers to de-territorialised sites but not necessarily a demise of the sovereign state as a whole (Tierney 2005, 172). Challenges to state sovereignty not a new phenomenon Notwithstanding supra-national institutions, globalization and the emergence of sub-state nationalism, threats to state sovereignty are not new phenomena. Indeed, violations reach back all the way to the very creation of the concept itself. Recalling Krasners four identities of sovereignty the existence of two chief dimensions, Westphalian sovereignty and to a lesser extent international legal sovereignty, have been frequently challenged (Conversation with Stephen D. Krasner, 2003). In an interview by Harry Kreisler, Krasner emphasises the challenges to Westphalian sovereignty have involved alternative norms. The four most salient have been religious toleration (17th and 18th century), minority rights (19th and first half of 20th century), human rights (last half of 20th and the 21st century) and lastly international stability (Conversation with Stephen D. Krasner, 2003). It is plausible that these challenges to sovereignty emerge because not only does sovereignty include rights but also responsibilities and therefore, the exercise of state sovereignty becomes restricted. It is highly contested that sovereignty should not be respected when a state is not living up to these international norms. For instance, the right to intervene if a state government is committing genocide (Haines, 2009, 102). Notwithstanding the history of state sovereignty, challenges may be of more or less threatening remark. It is argued that forces confronting state sovereignty today are of such prodigious dimensions that it inevitably leads to sovereignty becoming a moribund institution (McGrew, 2006, 25). However, this essay has argued that some of the four elements of sovereignty have been more or less challenged. Indeed, international legal sovereignty seem not have been threatened but rather increased in significance, arguably because states still value international recognition. Calling to mind not only the newly created state of the Republic of South Sudan but also the heated dispute over Palestinian sovereignty. Conclusion One can argue that whereas some identities of sovereignty are of declining significance (and relatively so) others are not. Firstly, interdependence sovereignty is profoundly challenged by globalization and economic integration. Secondly, sub-state nationalism is challenging the monolithic tone of Westphalian sovereignty and if these movements turn secessionist it will perforce lead to a decline in domestic sovereignty. Thirdly, Westphalian sovereignty is limited by the emergence of supra-states such as the EU. As a matter of fact, interdependence sovereignty and Westphalian sovereignty seem to be the most contested, the former because of the vastness of globalization and economic integration. The latter has not only historically been highly disputed but also presently as external threats such as supra-national orders and sub-state nationalism are gaining momentum. On the contrary, international legal sovereignty is undeniably recurrent, calling to mind newly created states such as South Sudan. Furthermore, recollecting that Member Sates of the EU and other supra-national orders have been willing to limit some dimension of sovereignty, however, they are all still recognized as individual states. Mindful the dissonance of the four dimensions of sovereignty, neither can it be argued that sovereignty is of waning significance nor of increased importance. Perhaps it is more of a ringing bell stressing the need for an alteration of the term Sovereignty in order to reflect the world reality.